Sharing a list of AI Policies and frameworks that I keep track of in my work and EdD studies. I’ll update as relevant.

Waves of Guidance

Development of ethical guidance and frameworks in education has been ongoing since long before the release of ChatGPT on Dec 30, 2022. Although not commonly known, GPT-2 level LLM’s (and below) were already in use in some writing and educational tools. Concurrently, agencies such as UNICEF and UNESCO were engaged in deep research on the implications of AI for education and young people. ChatGPT’s release accelerated the impacts of AI on Education (AIEd), becoming more user-friendly and widespread, triggering a global “space race” for more powerful models and more profitable applications. This stimulated waves of guidance, policy and discussion around AIEd.

First Wave: 2022-24. The development and release of policy guidelines and position papers, including UNESCO’s Guidance on AI in Education and Research (Sept 2023). Many other policy frameworks were released in this period.

Second Wave: 2023-25. Development and release of AIEd competency frameworks and practical guidance for schools and systems, including the Sept. 2024 release of UNESCO’s AI Competencies for Students and Teachers, and OECD’s (2025) Draft AI Literacy Framework for Students.

Globally, AIEd guidance and resourcing is proliferating and being adjusted as emergent risks and opportunities are identified. In this page, I collate key resources for AIEd, providing an historical and current overview of developments in the field.

This page will be updated as new documents are released.

Here is the Nov 28 2025 pdf:

Cite this document: Taylor, S. 2025. Tracking AIEd Policies. Wayfinder Learning Lab [Online]. Available from: https://sjtylr.net/2025/11/21/tracking-aed-policies/.

https://oecd.ai/en/ 

Tracking global policies and news on AI, including education, governance and industry. The Policy Navigator Dashboard is here: https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/overview 

• OECD: regularly updated Artificial Intelligence Papers Library: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-artificial-intelligence-papers_dee339a8-en.html 
• 2024: Draft AI Literacy Framework for Students: https://ailiteracyframework.org/ 

Discussion & Foundations:

• OECD 2025: Education for Human Flourishing.
• 2025: An Agenda for Student Agency in the AI Era, connected to 2019’s Concept Note for Student Agency for 2030 and the Future of Education and Skills 2023/40.
• 2025: How is Life Changing for Children in the Digital Age?
• OECD AI Capability Indicators (measuring AI capabilities).
• OECD & WEF (Dec 2025): AI in Strategic Foresight: Reshaping Anticipatory Governance.

UNESCO: Guidance on GenAI in Education & Research

Each September during Digital Learning Week in Paris, UNESCO releases new documents. These are usually published in multiple languages and commonly referenced in international school adaptations. 

• 2023: Guidance on GenAI in Education & Research (“The Guide”) (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386693_eng) Core document and one of the first significant guidance documents on policy development and adaptation. A good primer for AIEd, with a strong focus on Protecting Human Agency. 
• 2024: AI Competencies for Students (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000391105) and Teachers (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000391104) unpack The Guide to very extensive competencies. 

Discussion:

• 2025: AI and the Future of Education: Disruptions, Dilemmas and Directions (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000395236). Curated articles and perspectives from around the world, building from international, local, K-12 and post-secondary perspectives.
• 2023: Applying UNESCO’s Guidance in International Schools, post and article by Stephen.

Foundations:

• 2022: Recommendations on the Ethics of AI (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137). Pre-ChatGPT release focusing on ethical issues in AI in education. 
• 2021: Reimagining Our Futures Together: A New Social Contract for Education (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379381) is a foundational document (pre-ChatGPT) on potential futures of education. Discussion at the 2024 UNESCO International Forum on the Futures of Education on this document had a strong thread of the influences and impacts of AI. 
• 2019: Beijing Consensus on AI in Education (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368303). Early development of ethical perspectives and guidance on AI in Education. 

Related:

• UNESCO & OECD Competency frameworks on GoogleSheets here. Competencies for Students and Teachers unpacked to aligned “I can” statements, with drafting of leadership competencies and connected resources and graphics.
• 2024: What’s The Problem Represented to Be in UNESCO’s Guidance on GenAI? EdD paper by Stephen, using Carol Bacchi’s WPR framework for Policy analysis. 
• Prof. Miao Fengchun (https://www.linkedin.com/in/fengchun-miao-5b999077/) is one of the lead authors of The Guide and posts regularly on LinkedIN about AI in education and uses of UNESCO’s work.
• UNICEF (2021): Policy Guidance on AI for Children (pre-ChatGPT release on AI): https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/reports/policy-guidance-ai-children
• OECD (2025): Schools+ Network – Unlocking High Quality Teaching & Learning (WAB contributed to this project).

AI in Education Policy and Guidance from China & Beijing

China has taken an AI-forward view with education, in policy and direction. There is some good alignment with UNESCO’s direction here, as there are some common roots. There is a lot of interesting information in these policy documents. 

• 2025: Opinions of the State Council on Deeply Implementing the “Artificial Intelligence Plus” Action (https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content_7037861.htm). A comprehensive overview of “AI Plus…” for China. Including AI Plus: Science & Tech, Industry Development, Consumer Life, People’s Livelihood and Wellbeing, Governance Capabilities, Global Cooperation (inc. Global South). And: Details on acceleration of the implementation of ket strategies. 
• Nov 2025: Guidelines for the Application of Generative AI for Teachers (First Edition): https://www.edu.cn/info/focus/zc/202511/t20251128_2704300.shtml.
• The CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Outline of the National Plan for Building a Powerful Education Nation (2024-2035)” https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202501/content_6999913.htm
• 2025: Beijing Municipal Work Plan for Promoting Artificial Intelligence Education in Primary and Secondary Schools (2025-2027) (https://www.beijing.gov.cn/ywdt/gzdt/202503/t20250308_4029252.html) 
• 2024: Notice from the General Office of the Ministry of Education on Strengthening AI Education in Primary and Secondary Schools (http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202412/t20241202_1165500.html). 
• 2024: Beijing Municipal Guidelines for the Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Education Sector (https://jw.beijing.gov.cn/xxgk/2024zcwj/2024qtwj/202410/t20241028_3929498.html) (pdf here) 
• 2021: PIPL (Personal Information Protection Law): http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2/c30834/202108/t20210820_313088.html
• 2025: Opinions of the Ministry of Education and Seven Other Departments on Strengthening Science and Technology Education in Primary and Secondary Schools: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/jcys_jyzb/202511/t20251111_1419878.html

National and Regional AI & Related Policies

There are many of these. Best use the OECD Navigator for specific countries. Some that come up often in research and development: 

• Nov 2025: The EU Digital Omnibus “that streamlines rules on artificial intelligence (AI), cybersecurity and data”: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_2718. This is a recent update (some say “massive rollback”) to:
  • EU AI Act https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ 
  • EU GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504 
  • Dec 2025: European Schoolnet has as a comprehensive review of AI policies and strategies from 23 EU states.
• UK: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) in education: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/generative-artificial-intelligence-in-education/generative-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-education 
• Australian Framework for Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Schools: https://www.education.gov.au/schooling/resources/australian-framework-generative-artificial-intelligence-ai-schools 
• USA FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act): https://studentprivacy.ed.gov/ferpa 
• USA: AI For Education State Guidance Navigator (unofficial but useful curation): (https://www.aiforeducation.io/ai-resources/state-ai-guidance) 
• Singapore: “Transforming Education through Technology” Masterplan 2030 (https://www.moe.gov.sg/education-in-sg/educational-technology-journey/edtech-masterplan)

WPR: My Favourite Policy Analysis Tool

Protecting Human Agency in the Era of AI

Agency is central to many AI policies and guidance sets, as we well as core tenet of progressive international education and competency development. Here’s a summary of UNESCO’s section on Agency from The Guide:

Stephen is Director of Innovation in Learning & Teaching at the Western Academy of Beijing and current EdD Research Student at the University of Bath. This document tracks some AIEd policy developments and guidance. For academic contact: sjt43@bath.ac.uk. For all other contact: linkedin.com/in/sjtylr/ 

• (If You) USEME-AI framework for adaptation to AI.